Justinian built cities; he restored the Byzantine Empire to one faith, and he organized a uniform legal code. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. This time, however, we are being attacked in Europe, in our own land, in our own house. Hungary refused to assist, and, instead of sending men, Pope Nicholas V saw the precarious situation as an opportunity to push for the reunification of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, a priority of the papacy since 1054. With this conquest, a new group of people came in with a different religion known as Islam. By April 22 the ships had circumvented the chain in this way and, barring the chain itself, seized control of all the waters surrounding the city. The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. Until!about!1450,!Europe!was!mostly!cut!off!and!isolated!fromthe!SilkRoads.Withoutaccessto the!wealth,!trade!goods,!technologies,!and!ideas!that . It covers the Byzantine Empire from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomons. Mehmeds strategy was straightforward: he would use his fleet and siege lines to blockade Constantinople on all sides while relentlessly battering the walls of the city with cannon. Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing potentially valuable slaves but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. 125 times. Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but. [53] Orban initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, but they were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. Although one of the fleet's main tasks was to prevent any foreign ships from entering the Golden Horn, on 20 April, a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to get in after some heavy fighting, an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. Bagian dari Perang Bizantium-Utsmaniyah dan Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa. Furthermore, with Constantinople having suffered through several devastating sieges, the citys population had dropped from roughly 400,000 in the 12th century to between 40,000 and 50,000 by the 1450s. [31]:81, Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. Historical!Context:! The rise and fall of Constantinople coincides with the rise and fall of the Theodosian Walls. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. constantine ran out of money and became the capital due to the fall of rome. The fall slowly turns to ruins in modern day. [55], At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. [20]:373 Although he was eager for an advantage, Pope Nicholas V did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes, some of whom were wary of increasing papal control. [25] In fact, Europe celebrated Mehmed coming to the throne and hoped his inexperience would lead the Ottomans astray. [93] Many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople. [citation needed], In the summer of 1452, when Rumeli Hisar was completed and the threat of the Ottomans had become imminent, Constantine wrote to the Pope, promising to implement the union, which was declared valid by a half-hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452. The Sack of Constantinople The Crusader army arrived outside Constantinople on 24 June 1203 CE. DIFFICULTIES WITH ALEXIS 1. You will protest that the Turks moved from Asia to Greece a long time ago, that the Mongols established themselves in Europe and the Arabs occupied parts of Spain, having approached through the straits of Gibraltar. Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. The Empire of Trebizond, an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, was also present at the time on the coast of the Black Sea. Omissions? . Check Pages 1-4 of DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home in the flip PDF version. [20]:378 For 36 hours after the war council decided to attack, the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower for the general offensive. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. He established Constantinople as the capital of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire and preserved Roman heritage for more than a thousand years. [26] This calculation was boosted by Mehmed's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court. Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered. . by DRM_peter Posted on January 20, 2014. 61% average accuracy. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. IV. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. by coachallam. PDF. Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegovina gained autonomy. In 330 A.D. a Roman emperor named Constantinople founded a city named Constantinople on the old Greek city of Byzantium. [30], The city had about 20km of walls (land walls: 5.5km; sea walls along the Golden Horn: 7km; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara: 7.5km), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. A rout of the defenders ensued, with many of the Venetian and Genoese fighters retreating to their ships in the Golden Horn. Stephanie's History Store. Elementary, Intermediate Tests and High School Regents Examinations . The city was mainly populated by Christians and now has become an Islamic city. The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. Vast open fields constituted much of the land within the walls. A historical consensus has not been formed on the fall of the Roman Empire. Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Task: Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance". Ottoman Empire annexes the remaining Byzantine territories with some exceptions; Constantinople becomes its new capital. Even France, once a fervent participant in the Crusades, became an ally of the Ottomans. After Diocletian died, a new emperor named Constantine (ruled 306-337 A.D.) would move the capital of Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium, which became known as Constantinople (he named it after himself). When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia, which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. [62]:651652 Up until this point, the Ottomans had fired 5,000 shots from their cannons using 55,000 pounds of gunpowder. Now devoid of both a long-standing buffer against the Ottomans and access to the Black Sea, Christian kingdoms relied on Hungary to halt any further westward expansion. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. Pihak terlibat. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. [86]:283 On the third day of the conquest, Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation, although many had no homes to return to, and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed. You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that, having passed it along in succession from their fathers, from father to son, they handed it down to me. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years. Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Why. Kemenangan telak Utsmaniyah; [2] dan berakhirnya Kekaisaran Bizantium. On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. The city was located between Asia and Europe, making it a very diverse and strategic place. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. [43], According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, Mehmed II "permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches", but tried to prevent a complete sack of the city. The bulk of the Ottoman army was encamped south of the Golden Horn. A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [65], Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name "Qosanniyye" () or "Kostantiniyye", as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. [109], The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and migrs in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism[100][dead link][bettersourceneeded] and science. Rome's leader was overthrown, causing the Roman Empire to fall. The Doge's Threat. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or "New Rome" as some people call it, although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title) and was simply considered as "the Roman Empire." The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. Some suggest that the fall of Rome and the state of America now, are very similar in social, political, and economic aspects. [20]:374 His 27 feet (8.2m) long cannon was named "Basilica" and was able to hurl a 600lb (270kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6km). Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. When combined with a large metal chain that had been drawn across the Golden Horn, Constantine was confident that the citys defenses could repel a naval assault and withstand Mehmeds land forces until relief came from Christian Europe. Most of the cannons at the siege were built by Turkish engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard.[51][52]. [110][bettersourceneeded] They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of Byzantine civilization. Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles (240km) away, Mehmed now had to undertake the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces. [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. Emperor who moved Rome's capital to the east. [31]:15051 Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan's actions:[87][88]. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. [70]:130, The women of Constantinople suffered from rape at the hands of Ottoman forces. They knew that in order to prevent diseases they had to burn corpses, sanitarily dispose of excrement, and carefully scrutinize their sources of water. Myles Hudson was an Editorial Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica. The garrison used a few small-calibre artillery pieces, which in the end proved ineffective. [20]:378 Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. History. [65] The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. The Proposition Made by King Philip 3. Upon hearing of his navys defeat, Mehmed stripped Baltaolu of his rank and arranged for his replacement. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. The land walls spanned 4 miles (6.5 km) and consisted of a double line of ramparts with a moat on the outside; the higher of the two stood as high as 40 feet (12 metres) with a base as much as 16 feet (5 metres) thick. The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. This city expanded into the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire in Eastern Europe even after the Western Roman Empire fell. According to Makarios Melissenos: As soon as the Turks were inside the City, they began to seize and enslave every person who came their way; all those who tried to offer resistance were put to the sword. They enslaved boys and girls and took silver and gold vessels, precious stones and all sorts of valuable goods and fabrics from the imperial palace and the houses of the rich Every tent was filled with handsome boys and beautiful girls. The sultan thus completed his conquest of the Byzantine capital. The fact that Constantinople, which was long known for being indomitable in the eyes of all, as the Sharif of Mecca said, had fallen and that the Prophet Muhammad's prophecy came true shocked the Islamic world and filled it with a great jubilation and rapture.[102]. 30 November 2015. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara. Why was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a turning point? If you know of any primary sources in English please post them for me!! [31]:92, To the left of the emperor, further south, were the commanders Cataneo, who led Genoese troops, and Theophilus Palaeologus, who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers. Some contemporaneous Western sources gave exaggerated figures ranging from 160,000 to 300,000. Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer. Ultimately, the attempted union between east and west failed, greatly annoying Pope Nicholas V and the hierarchy of the Roman church. The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the Anadolu Hisar fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather Bayezid I. "[83], Mehmed stabbed to death another 14 year old Christian boy who "preferred death to infamy". View Constantinople DBQ.docx from HIST 1110/07 at Kennesaw State University. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. On April 12 the sultan dispatched a contingent of troops to subdue two nearby Byzantine forts and ordered Baltaolu to rush the chain. According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south, presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea. He hoped to breach them or otherwise force a surrender before a Christian relief force could arrive. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. July 2003. Media related to Fall of Constantinople (1453) at Wikimedia Commons. He also began to view himself as Kayser-i Rm (Caesar of Rome), the inheritor of the Roman Empire and all its historical lands. The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. [20]:376 This action seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the nominally neutral colony of Pera and it demoralized the Byzantine defenders. stood strong The walls had recently been repaired (under John VIII) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived. He angled one of his cannons such that it could strike the defenders of the chain and then began to construct an oiled wooden ramp upon which he intended to portage his smaller vessels from the Bosporus to the Golden Horn. Fellow soldiers, this one thing was lacking to make the glory of such a victory complete. Perhaps most important was the conflict that developed between the churches of east and west. However, he returned to power two years later after defeating the Christians and remained sultan until his death in 1451. [31]:92 The sea walls were guarded more sparsely, with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion, a makeshift defence force of Greek monks to his left hand, and Prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherios. [93][104], There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. The land fortifications consisted of a 60ft (18m) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 4555 metres.[39]. While standing before the head, the sultan in his speech said:[101]. In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. Overview The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. The regular European troops, stretched out along the entire length of the walls, were commanded by Karadja Pasha. [20]:376[note 6] Baltoghlu was most likely injured in the eye during the skirmish. [32]:388 The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 is considered by many to be one the most important events in human history. [77], Everywhere there was misfortune, everyone was touched by pain when Mehmed entered the city. An adjoining sea wall ran along the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara, the latter section being 20 feet (6 metres) high and 5 miles (8 km) long. However, without outside support, Constantinoples defenders would be spread thin. "[101], The news spread rapidly across the Islamic world. Fall of Rome . If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. The Ottoman besiegers vastly outnumbered the Byzantines and their allies. [98] After the conquest many Greeks, such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. [96]:446, Constantine XI had died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. Sources. In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once before: the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege. [20][pageneeded][21][22][23]. [1] Herrin, Judith. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. [75] The elder refugees in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped. [31]:108[56] With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. DBQ 3: Byzantine Empire under Justinian Big Idea | When Justinian became emperor in 527, he was determined to revive the ancient Roman Empire, to build a new Rome. Believing that the Byzantine defence was already weakened sufficiently, Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force and started preparations for a final all-out offensive. Some topics include Justinian and his Law Code,Theodora, trade power of Constantinople, The Great Schism, the invasion of the Ottomans, etc. He would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese. 10th grade. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets. [40]:44, Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium-sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations. Document 2 At the same time Procopius saw Justinian as a liar and a hypocrite. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Turkmen mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. Print. Just before dawn, the sultan launched a coordinated artillery, infantry, and naval assault on Constantinople. 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. [17][18] The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. In the early hours of May 29, Ottoman labourers filled the moat surrounding the city. (14) $3.00. Explains that constantinople was a wealthy city that provided oversea goods and services to other rulers. The short lived Crusade immediately came to an end and as Western Europe entered the 16th century, the age of Crusading began to come to an end. Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. [note 7] The Byzantines intercepted the first tunnel on the night of 16 May. These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople. The Ottoman cannon created several breaches, but most were too narrow to send troops through. He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this, saying, "What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction. Ascertain to what factors contemporaneous observers attributed the rise and fall of the Muslim empires; determine which factors would have made the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals most successful and which ones would eventually weaken . He was carried to the rear, and his absence sowed confusion and lowered morale among the ranks. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect these key buildings.The Catalans that maintained their position on the section of the wall that the emperor had assigned them, had the honor of being the last troops to fall. The Fall of Constantinople: A Symposium Held at the School of Oriental and African Studies 29 May 1953. The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate (itself guarded by a Genoese called Manuel) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini, while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall. It lasted from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Ottoman conquest in 1453. Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city-states in northern Italy, the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second fortress (Rumeli hisar) on the European side of the Bosphorus,[27] several miles north of Constantinople. For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by themthose at least of you who are of maturer yearsand the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. "This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence, and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion, for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears. There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape.[78]Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, marveling at the sight of the grand basilica. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. [31]:8384 As a specialist in defending walled cities, Giustiniani was immediately given the overall command of the defence of the land walls by the Emperor. This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus[20]:373 and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north. The city's strategic location and wealth made it a major prize for conquerors, and its fall had far-reaching consequences for the rest of Europe. Mehmed repopulated the city with people from a multitude of backgrounds and faiths and relocated his capital from Edirne to Constantinople, ensuring a multicultural seat of power for a multicultural empire. Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall (Theodosian Walls). His mission to the court of Basil II concerned Bardas Skleros, a claimant to the Byzantine throne who had gone to Baghdad seeking Arab support. On orders of Mehmed, they were impaled on stakes, in sight of the city's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. The First Payment 2. Robert seems to have returned to France in 1205, since although his work contains references up . First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to . [40]:39 In addition, the defenders were relatively well-equipped with a fleet of 26 ships: 5 from Genoa, 5 from Venice, 3 from Venetian Crete, 1 from Ancona, 1 from Aragon, 1 from France, and about 10 from the empire itself. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. [32][pageneeded][31]:85 Further undermining Byzantine morale, seven Italian ships with around 700 men, despite having sworn to defend Constantinople, slipped out of the capital the moment Giustiniani arrived. . Now sultan for the second time, Mehmed II intended to complete his fathers mission and conquer Constantinople for the Ottomans. Communication was maintained by a road that had been destroyed over the marshy head of the Horn. DIVERSION TO CONSTANTINOPLE 1. Finally, the last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls. Own land, in our own land, in our own house the of! 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