Answer and Explanation: . 2.9). [ 1] Lenin had held the party together since 1917 and had been the central person to determine its policies. [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [743] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. Wiki User. [117], In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. [412], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. [657] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. MZbee. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. "[842] Stalin married twice and had several children. [459] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. [817] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[818] and later in life he became a keen gardener. Notes from the 1957 Pravda publication: Below are published notes dictated by V. I. Lenin, December, 1922-January, 1923, including the "Letter to the Congress," known as the "Testament"; the letter "On Conferring Legislative Functions Upon . [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. [229] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. [931], The only other part of the former Soviet Union other than Russia where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [293] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. What was Eratosthenes's nickname? In 1952, Stalin's last book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, was published. [148] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? [566] In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. [129], After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. [603], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. [856] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. [828] Additionally, according to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women. [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [744] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [803] His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "formalism". And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? Vladimir Lenin's Testament. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. Through terror, murder, brutality and mass imprisonment, he modernized the Soviet economy. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. Nikita Khrushchev. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. It ended with the Nazis' defeat, and the emergence of the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. as the world's two "superpowers." For more information, see the History SparkNote on World War II. 4. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. Although the term samizdat refers specifically to the Soviet period, most notably after the death of Stalin in 1953, unauthorised publishing has a long tradition in Russia. [670] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. [799] He protected several Soviet writers from arrest and prosecution, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. [686] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. [264], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. [697] He claimed to be a loyal Leninist,[698] although wasaccording to Service"not a blindly obedient Leninist". [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [356], Stalin desired a "cultural revolution",[357] entailing both creation of a culture for the "masses" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. Many millions died as the result of Japanese war crimes during World War II under Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito.. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. [815] When at social events, he encouraged singing,[816] as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. By July of 1922 the state had confiscated vast stores of precious items from the church. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. 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