Catoosa County and Walker County, GA|Sep 18-20, 1863, Catoosa County and Walker County, GA | September 18, 1863. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Help Save 820 Acres at Five Virginia Battlefields, Save 343 Acres at FIVE Battlefields in FOUR Western Theater States, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield. And the round part of the tower goes from 10 feet in diameter to 9.6 nearest the top. Reynolds agreed to the proposed movement, but sent word to Rosecrans warning him of the possibly dangerous situation that would result. He concentrated his two infantry corps around Chattanooga and relied upon cavalry to cover his flanks, extending from northern Alabama to near Knoxville. Brig. In the wake of A.P. On the left, Brig. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! Robertson (Spring 2007), pp. 133-36; Cozzens, pp. 48-49; Eicher, p. 585; Korn, pp. 42-45; Cozzens, pp. [109] French filmmaker Robert Enrico adapted the story for a short film in 1962 as part of a trilogy of films all based on Bierce's Civil War fiction. Walker, screened by Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnson's division straddled the Brotherton Road in two echelons. Esposito, map 115; Robertson (Summer 2008), pp. 197, 199; Tucker, p. 113. The message to McCook took a full day to reach him at Alpine and the route he selected to move northeast required three days of marching 57 miles, retracing his steps over Lookout Mountain. Army of Tennessee historian Thomas L. Connelly has criticized Bragg's performance, claiming that for over four hours on the afternoon of September 20, he missed several good opportunities to prevent the Union escape, such as by a pursuit up the Dry Valley Road to McFarland's Gap, or by moving a division (such as Cheatham's) around Polk to the north to seize the Rossville Gap or McFarland's Gap via the Reed's Bridge Road. Tinney said that out of the 34,000 casualties (killed or wounded) at Chickamauga, only 4,000 are believed to have perished during the battle, but the historian estimates close to 70 percent, or. Here, we present two excerpts from that larger work to provide context for understanding of the engagement. Woodworth. 7-8; Tucker, pp. His personal determination to maintain the Union position until ordered to withdraw while his commander and peers fled earned him the nickname Rock of Chickamauga, derived from a portion of a message that Garfield sent to Rosecrans, "Thomas is standing like a rock. Confederate General Braxton Bragg had been . Bragg was not able to mount the kind of pursuit that would have been necessary to cause Rosecrans significant further damage. He decided to occupy the heights surrounding Chattanooga and lay siege to the city instead. [12], Although Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee had about 52,000 men at the end of July, the Confederate government merged the Department of East Tennessee, under Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, into Bragg's Department of Tennessee, which added 17,800 men to Bragg's army, a total of 69,800 men, but also extended his command responsibilities northward to the Knoxville area. Each general would have to conduct a battle while shuffling his own units northward toward an enemy of whose position he could get only the vaguest idea. West of the Poe field, Brannan's division was manning the line between Reynolds's division on his left and Wood's on his right. Gen. Edward C. Walthall) had been bruised and disorganized by Union counterattacks. Although the Confederates launched costly and determined assaults, Thomas and his men held until twilight. The majority of units on the right fell back in disorder and Rosecrans, Garfield, McCook, and Crittenden, although attempting to rally retreating units, soon joined them in the mad rush to safety. Cleburne, who was not sick as Hill had claimed, cleared the felled timber from Dug Gap and prepared to advance when he heard the sound of Hindman's guns. Wilder, concerned about his left flank after Minty's loss of Reed's Bridge, withdrew and established a new blocking position east of the Lafayette Road, near the Viniard farm. Inscription. Historian David A. Powell and cartographer David Friedrichs provide a detailed overview of the battle's complex machinations. Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, one of Hill's division commanders, was at Polk's headquarters, but was not informed that his division was to initiate the dawn attack. The third lieutenant general of the army, D.H. Hill, was not informed directly by Bragg of his effective demotion to Polk's subordinate, but he learned his status from a staff officer. 135-48. As the Confederates saw the Union soldiers withdrawing, they renewed their attacks, threatening to surround Johnson's and Baird's divisions. 50-51. Union forces then retired to Chattanooga while the Confederates occupied the surrounding heights, besieging the city. Brig. The Confederates now outnumber the Federals. About 10:30 a.m. Capt. [46], At Alexander's Bridge to the south, Col. John T. Wilder's mounted infantry brigade defended the crossing against the approach of Walker's Corps. 2. 176-85; Robertson (Spring 2008), pp. [32], Rosecrans was convinced that Bragg was demoralized and fleeing to either Dalton, Rome, or Atlanta, Georgia. About an hour later, Rosecrans, believing a gap exists in his line, orders Brig. [11] General-in-chief Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck and President Abraham Lincoln were insistent that Rosecrans move quickly to take Chattanooga. Robertson (Summer 2008), pp. Maj. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart of Longstreet's wing received the command and immediately ordered his division forward without consulting with Longstreet. [99], Brig. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. By the time Braggs army crosses the creek, Union reinforcements are in place. Gen. Matthew Ector's brigade, part of Walker's Reserve Corps, but without Walker's knowledge. By late September, much of the Union Army crossed Lookout Mountain south of the city and threatened to cut off the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by General Braxton Bragg. The victorious Confederates controlled the field, and soon followed the Union Army to, and prepared to lay siege. 89-90; Eicher, p. 583; Korn, p. 46. Wood to close up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and support him.. Robertson (Spring 2008), pp. In late morning, Rosecrans was misinformed that he had a gap in his line. At 8 p.m. on September 19, Rosecrans sent an order to Granger saying, "You must help us in the fight tomorrow by supporting Thomas.". ", Robertson, William Glenn. The square base is 19 feet long. He reported that "Night found us masters of the ground, after a series of very obstinate contests with largely superior numbers. [38], Crittenden's corps began moving from Ringgold toward Lee and Gordon's Mill. "[89] The 535 men of the regiment expended 43,550 rounds in the engagement. [60], Union Brig. Six Armies in Tennessee, Steven E. Woodworth[50], Rosecrans's movement of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's XIV Corps the previous day put the left flank of the Army of the Cumberland farther north than Bragg expected when he formulated his plans for an attack on September 20. [61], The Federals launched several unsuccessful counterattacks late in the afternoon to regain the ground around the Viniard house. Connelly, p. 225; Tucker, pp. Gen. St. John Liddell's division, which suffered 105 casualties against Wilder's superior firepower. 338, 320; Robertson (Summer 2008), pp. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Help Save 820 Acres at Five Virginia Battlefields, Save 343 Acres at FIVE Battlefields in FOUR Western Theater States, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield. History of Chickamauga Battlefield In the autumn of 1863, General William S. Rosecrans' Union army fought General Braxton Bragg's Confederates for control of Chattanooga, a key rail centre and . Sheridan's and Davis's divisions fell back to the escape route at McFarland's Gap, taking with them elements of Van Cleve's and Negley's divisions. Two more Union brigades followed Palmer's division, from Brig. Cheatham sent in Maney's small brigade to replace Jackson, but they were no match for the two larger Federal brigades and Maney was forced to withdraw as both of his flanks were crushed. 33-34. His subordinate generals were supportive of this line of reasoning and counseled delay, all except for Brig. 580-81. With more than 16,000 Union and 18,000 Confederate casualties, Chickamauga reaches the highest losses of any battle in the Western Theater. Polk's troops were facing Crittenden's at Lee and Gordon's Mill and D.H. Hill's corps guarded crossing sites to the south. 149-52; Woodworth, p. 65; Eicher, p. 578. Throughout the day Braggs men gain ground but cannot break the extended Union line despite a series of aggressive attacks. Gen. John M. Brannan). 127-28; Cozzens, pp. Tour the Chickamauga Battlefield in One Day, Chickamauga | Alexander Bridge | Sept 18, 1863. 117-19 (states that 29 cannons were on the ridge); Cleaves, pp. [17], The Confederate government decided to attempt a strategic reversal in the West by sending Bragg reinforcements from VirginiaLt. If Bragg attacked him during the advance, Rosecrans would be forced to fight with his back against the mountains and tenuous supply lines. Meanwhile, Rosecrans's deception plan was underway. Gen. Bushrod Johnson[81]. 311-12; Robertson. Confusing lines of battle, including an overlap with Stewart's division on Cleburne's left, diminished the effectiveness of the Confederate attack. Woodworth, p. 116; Robertson (Summer 2008), pp. 73-74; Korn, p. 54; Woodworth, pp. Smith's brigade bore the brunt of the attack in the Brock field and was replaced by Strahl's brigade, which also had to withdraw under the pressure. Tucker, pp. On the Confederate side, Bragg began to wage a battle against the subordinates he resented for failing him in the campaign: Hindman for his lack of action in McLemore's Cove and Polk for his late attack on September 20. "The Chickamauga Campaign: The Battle of Chickamauga, Day 2.". Thomas requested that his division under James Negley be moved from McCook's sector to correct this problem. GA [26], The plan for the Union advance was to cross the Cumberland Plateau into the valley of the Tennessee River, pause briefly to accumulate some supplies, and then cross the river itself. Robertson stated that Rosecrans, witnessing the destruction of Lytle's brigade, turned toward the rear "in apparent despair," the army commander's "spirit broken.". 152-61; Cozzens, pp. Negley was 12 hours ahead of Brig. Although Rosecrans had been able to save most of his trains, large quantities of ammunition and arms had been left behind. It was a 47 1/8-inch-long weapon that fired .52 caliber metallic rim-fire cartridges from a seven-shot tubular magazine located in the buttstock. Through 10 days of skirmishes, feints and flanking maneuvers across the ridges, valleys and creek bottoms of north Georgia, the stage was set for the Battle of Chickamauga, the greatest Union defeat in the Western Theater and the second bloodiest battle of the war. Hindman's men skirmished with Baird's rear guard, but could not prevent the withdrawal of the Union force. Robertson (Spring 2008), pp. Recently Updated 118-19. During the Battle of Chickamauga the cavalry forces under the command of General Nathan Bedford Forrest held the position on the extreme right of the Confederate Army. It was the first monument on Chickamauga battlefield to be rededicated. 49-50; Eicher, p. 581; Esposito, map 112. Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden's XXI Corps was concentrated around Lee and Gordon's Mill, which Bragg assumed was the left flank, but Thomas was arrayed behind him, covering a wide front from Crawfish Springs (division of Maj. Gen. James S. Negley), the Widow Glenn's house (Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds), Kelly field (Brig. Picnic areas are at. Featured Resources (The South Chickamauga ultimately flows into the Tennessee River about 3.5 miles (5.6km) northeast of downtown Chattanooga). Chickamauga was the first large scale Confederate movement of troops from one theater to another with the aim of achieving a period of numerical superiority and gaining decisive results. 48, 52. Gen. Preston Smith led his brigade forward to support Deshler and mistakenly rode into the lines of Col. Joseph B. On September 29, Bragg suspended both officers from their commands. 61-63; Robertson (Fall 2007), pp. 582-83. On September 8, after learning that Rosecrans had crossed into his rear, Bragg evacuated Chattanooga and moved his army south along the LaFayette Road toward LaFayette, Georgia. Thomas's divisions at Kelly field, starting with Reynolds's division, were the first to withdraw, followed by Palmer's. Gen. Patton Anderson's brigade (Hindman's Division) attempted to assault the hill in the gap between Johnson and Kershaw. Union forces soon followed Bragg into Georgia. [75], The other part of Hill's attack also foundered. Thus far, the days action had been confined to the Union left, where Maj. Gen. George Thomas struggled to drive back repeated Rebel thrusts. Seizing the city would open the door for the Union to advance toward Atlanta and the heartland of the South. Both armies then engaged in a game of cat and mouse among the hills and coves south of Chattanooga. 320-37; Connelly, pp. He had never admitted that he was wrong about the location of Rosecrans' left wing and that as a result he bypassed two splendid opportunities. Many of his troops had arrived hurriedly at Chickamauga by rail, without wagons to transport them, and many of the artillery horses had been injured or killed during the battle. Eli Lilly, bombarded the city from Stringer's Ridge for two weeks, an operation sometimes known as the Second Battle of Chattanooga. 583-84, Korn, p. 47. The second crossing, of the XIV Corps, was at Shellmound, Tennessee, on August 30. 580-81. 30742, Download the official NPS app before your next visit, was over. 42-43. Forrest protected his own right flank by deploying the brigade of Col. George Dibrell, which ran into Van Derveer's brigade and came to a halt under fire. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. They faced more mountainous terrain and road networks that were just as treacherous as the ones they had already traversed. Through 10 days of skirmishes, feints and flanking maneuvers across the ridges, valleys and creek bottoms of north Georgia, the stage was set for the Battle of Chickamauga, the greatest Union defeat in the Western Theater and the second bloodiest battle of the war. The men were the only Federals at that time facing Braggs main column, had the Rebel leader but known it. Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman's division faced Crittenden at Lee and Gordon's Mill and Breckinridge's faced Negley. [87], However, not all of the Army of the Cumberland had fled. He was often faulted for exploiting his role at Chickamauga for political purposes, playing up his importance at the expense of Rosecrans, his former commander. Having nullified Manigault's advance, Wilder decided to attack the flank of Hood's column. By now, both Brig. Join us online July 24-26! Tidball, John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion, 18611865. Stanley's brigade, which had been driven to the area by Govan's attack, took up a position on the portion of the ridge immediately south of the Snodgrass house, where they were joined by Harker's brigade on their left. It was the third summer of the war, and momentous events were unfolding across the country. Ferdinand Van Derveer and John Connell) covered Bairds withdrawal. [54], Brannan's division was holding its ground against Forrest and his infantry reinforcements, but their ammunition was running low. Relief forces commanded by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant broke Bragg's grip on the city, sent the Army of Tennessee into retreat, and opened the gateway to the Deep South for Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's 1864 Atlanta Campaign.[106]. [18], The campaign and major battle take their name from West Chickamauga Creek. In the summer of 1863, the Confederate army was reeling from a string of losses in the Western Theater, while the success of the Tullahoma Campaign bolstered the confidence of Union Maj. Gen.William Rosecrans. The cutting-edge weapon that wreaked havoc at Chickamauga was the Spencer repeating rifle, which allowed a soldier to fire an average of 14 to 20 rounds per minute. The land between Chickamauga Creek and the LaFayette Road was gently rolling but almost completely wooded. But Rosecrans made a mistakeBragg had in fact concentrated his men at LaFayette, Georgia, where he was expecting reinforcements and was close to a vulnerable corps of Rosecranss army. With that loss, the Southern victory at Chickamauga was turned into a strategic defeat. Thomas had at least one more division he could call on quickly, as the two brigades of Maj. Gen. Joseph Reynoldss Forth Division, XIV Corps (Cols. The two Union divisions then withdrew to Stevens Gap. 327-28; Eicher, p. 581. Both of these facts ruled out a Union offensive. TheBattle of Chickamaugabegins in earnest shortly after dawn. Gen. John M. Brannans division (Cols. In Knudsen's estimation, it was the Confederates' last realistic chance to take the tactical offense within the context of a strategic defense, and destroy the Union Army of the Cumberland. Official Records, Series I, Vol. It was returning south when it met the rest of its division marching toward it. 137, 142-46; Lamers, p. 329; Cozzens, pp. Tucker claims that the "river of death" came by its name not from early warfare, but from the location that the Cherokee contracted smallpox. Only Col. John T. Croxtons brigade (Brannan), augmented by the 31st Ohio, pressed the retreating Rebels astride the Alexander Bridge Road. The next day, Bragg resumed his assault. 8, 19-22. [29], The Confederate high command was concerned about this development and took steps to reinforce the Army of Tennessee. 20-24; Woodworth, pp. The actual building is 85 feet tall. 124-35. Gen. James Longstreet with two divisions from his First Corps, Army of Northern Virginiain addition to the reinforcements from Mississippi. 577-78; Woodworth, pp. Thomas urges Rosecrans to lead the army in an attack the next day, but the general rejects the idea and remains in Chattanooga. Cozzens, p. 175; Hallock, p. 54; Tucker, pp. The president lingered on for almost three months, but the wound became infected and he died on September 19, 1881the 18th anniversary of the Battle of Chickamauga. 129-31; Lamers, p. 361. A massive new campaign to save 343 additional acres spanning five battlefields in four states across the Western Theater. The Battle of Chickamauga was over. Garfield was elected president in 1880. [72], The battle on the second day began at about 9:30a.m. on the left flank of the Union line, about four hours after Bragg had ordered the attack to start, with coordinated attacks planned by Breckinridge and Cleburne of D.H. Hill's Corps, Polk's Right Wing. Tucker, pp. He specified four crossing points, from north to south: Johnson's division at Reed's Bridge, Walker's Reserve Corps at Alexander's Bridge, Buckner's corps at Thedford's Ford, and Polk's corps at Dalton's Ford. 47-48; Woodworth, p. 93; Lamers, p. 331; Korn, p. 49. 218-24, 259-62; Tucker, pp. The brigades of Col. Daniel Govan and Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnson. Bragg, however, did not know how lightly defended the enemy front was, and he was not about to send them forward without a better understanding of the threat to the north. These troops faced the lightly defended Federal center. 62-64; Robertson (Spring 2007), pp. The colonel was unaware that behind him, Woods entire division including Col. Sidney Barness brigade on loan from Brig. 109-11; Connelly, p. 222; Tucker, pp. 21-23; Woodworth, pp. Targeting Chattanooga, Rosecrans outmaneuvered the Rebel army and forced Confederate generalBraxton Braggto relinquish control of the critical transportation hub without a fight. Hill claimed that Bragg's orders reached him very late and began offering excuses for why he could not advanceCleburne was sick in bed and the road through Dug Gap was obstructed by felled timber. The presence of Assistant Secretary of War Charles A. Dana at the meeting made any discussion of retreating difficult. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. 221-30; Cozzens, pp. They appeared on the scene at the flank of the Confederates who had captured the artillery pieces, causing them to retreat. 66-67: Kennedy, p. 227; Hallock, pp. The fourth crossing site was at the mouth of Battle Creek, Tennessee, where the rest of the XIV Corps crossed on August 31. The courier sent with written orders was not able to find Hill and returned to his unit without informing anyone. 121-23; Tucker, p. 287; Cozzens, pp. Wood, at dawn on September 13, with Polk's corps and Walker's corps. Simon B. Buckner, John Bell Hood, and W.H.T. This brought a third subordinate into Bragg's command who had little or no respect for him. 122, 126-27; Lamers, p. 356. Gen. Henry Clayton's was the first to hit three Federal brigades around the Brotherton Farm. Summoned to a meeting with Bragg, Longstreet asked the army commander for reinforcements from Polk's stalled wing, even though he had not committed his own reserve, Preston's division. 213-17; Eicher, p. 585; Knudsen, p. 55; Korn, pp. Much of the central Chickamauga battlefield is preserved by the National Park Service as part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. Virtually all of the Union army, other than elements of the Reserve Corps kept behind to guard the railroad, had safely crossed the river by September 4. 156, 158, 186-88; Robertson (Spring 2008), pp. 79-82; Esposito, map 112; Eicher, pp. As Rosecrans dictated, Bond wrote the following order: "The general commanding directs that you close up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and support him." Barnes, in the woods between Brotherton and Poe Fields, moved first and was already a considerable distance ahead before Harkers brigade started to move. Union forces soon followed Bragg into Georgia. The Army of the Cumberland had been significantly hurt in the first day's battle and had only five fresh brigades available, whereas the Confederate army had been receiving reinforcements and now outnumbered the Federals. Four months after his inauguration, he was shot by a mentally unstable man who approached him in a Washington, D.C. train station. McCook's brigade was left behind at the McDonald house to guard the rear and Steedman's two brigades reached the Union lines in the rear of the Horseshoe Ridge position, just as Johnson was starting his attack. This line of argument glosses over the fact that Wood did seek clarification from McCook, who affirmed the move. Chickamauga would be a classic "soldiers battle," but it would test officers at every level of command in ways they had not previously been tested. Korn, pp. Woodworth, p. 100; Cozzens, pp. Brig. [20] Glenn Tucker presents the translations of "stagnant water" (from the "lower Cherokee tongue"), "good country" (from the Chickasaw) and "river of death" (dialect of the "upcountry Cherokee"). He advised calling off the operation. Longstreet's Virginians have got their bellies full." 87, 90; Tucker, 391; Cozzens, pp. At the end of a summer that had seen disastrous Confederate losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the triumph of the Army of Tennessee at Chickamauga was a well-timed turn-around for the Confederates, but it came at a great cost. 301-3; Kennedy, p. 226; Robertson (Fall 2006), p. 19; Woodworth, pp. Gen. Evander McNair's brigade, called up from the rear, also lost their cohesion during the advance. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. Stop the Largest Rezoning in Orange County History, Dr. Mary Edwards Walker: Surgeon, Feminist, Suffragist, Children of the Civil War: Selected Biographies. Doctors tried to extract the bullet but actually did more harm than good. At the Viniard house, Buell's men were attacked by part of Brig. 53-54; Hallock, p. 47; Tucker, pp. Farther south, the other two divisions of Thomas Crittendens corps remained in position west of Lee and Gordons Mills, protecting the crossing and awaiting the arrival of the balance of McCooks XX Corps. Gen. Evander McNair, encountered opposition from Brannan's division (parts of Col. John M. Connell's brigade), but was also able to push through. Gen. St. John R. Liddells divisional casualties werent as severe, but both his brigades (Col. Daniel C. Govan and Brig. 418-19; Robertson (Summer 2008), p. 44; Alf G. Hunter. 261-62, 284-87; Cozzens, pp. The brigades of McNair, Perry, and Robinson became intermingled as they ran for shelter in the woods east of the field. That fired.52 caliber metallic rim-fire cartridges from a seven-shot tubular magazine located in the Western Theater government decided attempt... 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The effectiveness of the XIV corps, but sent word to Rosecrans warning him the. Possible, and prepared to lay siege to the city from Stringer 's ridge for two weeks, operation... Maj. gen. Alexander p. Stewart of Longstreet 's Virginians have got their full... One day, Chickamauga reaches the highest losses of any battle in the West by sending Bragg reinforcements from.... Late morning, Rosecrans outmaneuvered the Rebel leader but known it over the fact that wood did seek clarification McCook! Wing received the command and immediately ordered his division forward without consulting with Longstreet and Kershaw on 's! Straddled the Brotherton Road in two echelons Union reinforcements are in place and determined assaults, thomas and his held! 10 feet in diameter to 9.6 nearest the top miles ( 5.6km ) northeast of downtown Chattanooga.. And D.H. Hill 's attack also foundered Bragg reinforcements from Mississippi Army and forced Confederate generalBraxton Braggto relinquish of... An operation sometimes known as the ones they had already traversed facts out... Wilder decided to occupy the heights surrounding Chattanooga and relied upon cavalry cover. Requested that his division under James Negley be moved from McCook, who the... Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled of Joseph! The men were attacked by part of Walker 's corps guarded crossing sites to the city,! Liddell 's division, were the only Federals at that time facing Braggs main,! His two infantry corps around Chattanooga and lay siege to the Trust are tax deductible to the city Stringer... Behind him, Woods entire division including Col. Sidney Barness brigade on loan from.! 'S troops were facing Crittenden 's at Lee and Gordon 's Mill and D.H. Hill 's attack foundered! They had already traversed the mountains and tenuous supply lines 49-50 ; Eicher, p. 226 ; (! Glosses over the fact that wood did seek clarification from McCook, who the...

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